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Henrik Ibsen
(1828-1906)
Norwegian dramatist. Born in Skien March 20, 1828. Died Christiania May 23, 1906.
Stage Works
Unless otherwise indicated, the plays were first performed in Christiania (now Oslo).
- Catilina (Catiline). Drama, 3 acts; verse. Written 1849. Published 1850. Revised 1875. Produced Stockholm, Nya Theatre, Dec. 3, 1881; Oslo, Studio Theatre, Sept. 9, 1935.
- Kaempeheien (The Burial Mound / The Warrior's Barrow). Dramatic poem, 1 act; verse. Written 1850; revised 1853. Published 1854. Produced Christiania Theatre, Sept. 16, 1850.
- Norma, eller En politikers kjaerlighed (Norma, or The Loves of a Politician). "Tragic opera," 3 acts; verse (actually, a brief satire). Written 1851. Published 1851.
- Sancthansnatten (St. John's Eve). Fairy-tale comedy; prologue, verse, and 3 acts, prose. Written 1852. Published 1909. Produced Bergen, Den Nationale Scene, Jan. 2, 1853.
- Fru Inger til Østraat (Lady Inger of Østraat). Historical drama, 5 acts; prose. Written 1854. Published 1857. Produced Bergen, Den Nationale Scene, Jan. 2, 1855.
- Gildet paa Solhaug (The Feast at Solhaug). Play, 3 acts; verse and prose. Written 1855. Published 1856. Revised 1883. Produced Bergen, Den Nationale Scene, Jan. 2, 1856.
- Olaf Liljekrans. Play, 3 acts; verse and prose. Written 1856. Published 1902. Produced Bergen, Den Nationale Scene, Jan. 2 1857.
- Haermaendene paa Helgeland (The Vikings at Helgeland). Historical play, 4 acts; prose. Written 1857. Published 1858. Produced Norske Theatre, Nov. 24, 1858.
- Kjaerlighedens komedie (Love's Comedy). Comedy, 3 acts; verse. Written 1862. Published 1862. Produced Christiania Theatre, Nov. 24, 1873.
- Kongsemnerne (The Pretenders). Historical play, 5 acts; prose. Written 1863. Published 1863. Produced Christiania Theatre, Jan. 17, 1864.
- Brand . Dramatic poem, 5 acts; verse. Written 1865. Published 1866. Produced Stockholm, Nya Theatre, Mar. 24, 1885; Christiania, Eldorado Theatre, Oct. 21, 1895.
- Peer Gynt. Dramatic poem, 5 acts; verse. Written 1867. Published 1867. Produced Christiania Theatre, Feb. 24, 1876.
- De unges forbund (The League of Youth). Comedy, 5 acts; prose. Written 1869. Published 1869. Produced Christiania Theatre, Oct. 18, 1869.
- Keiser og Galilaee (Emperor and Galilean). World-historical drama, 2 parts, prose: Caesars frafald (Caesar's Apostasy), 5 acts;
- Keiser Julian (The Emperor Julian), 5 acts. Written 1864-1873. Published 1873. Produced Leipzig, Stadttheater, Dec. 5, 1896; Oslo, National Theatre; Part I, Mar. 20, 1903; Part II, Nov. 19, 1955.
- Samfundets stetter (Pillars of Society). Drama, 4 acts; prose. Written 1875-77. Published 1877. Produced Christiania, Mellergaten Theatre (in Swedish), Nov. 6, 1878.
- Et dukkehjem (A Doll House). Drama, 3 acts; prose. Written 1879. Published 1879. Produced Copenhagen, Royal Theatre, Dec. 21, 1879; Christiania Theatre, Jan. 20, 1880.
- Gengangere (Ghosts). Drama, 3 acts; prose. Written 1881. Published 1881. Produced Chicago, Aurora Turner Hall (in Norwegian), May 20, 1882; Christiania, Mbllergaten Theater (in Swedish), Oct. 17, 1883.
- En folkefiende (An Enemy of the People). Play, 5 acts; prose. Written 1882. Published 1882. Produced Christiania Theatre, Jan. 13, 1883.
- Vildanden (The Wild Duck). Drama, 5 acts; prose. Written 1884. Published 1884. Produced Bergen, Norske Theatre, Jan. 9, 1885; Christiania Theatre, Jan. 11, 1885.
- Rosmersholm. Drama, 4 acts; prose. Written 1886. Published 1886. Produced Bergen, Norske Theatre, Jan. 17, 1887; Christiania Theatre, Apr. 12, 1887.
- Fruen fra havet (The Lady from the Sea). Drama, 5 acts; prose. Written 1888. Published 1888. Produced Weimar, Hoftheater, Feb. 12, 1889; Christiania Theatre, Feb. 12, 1889.
- Hedda Gabler. Drama, 4 acts; prose. Written 1890. Published 1890. Produced Munich, Residenztheater, Jan. 31, 1891; Christiania Theatre, Feb. 26, 1891.
- Bygmester Solness (The Master Builder). Drama, 3 acts; prose. Written 1892. Published 1892. Produced Trondheim, Jan. 19, 1893; Berlin, Lessing Theater, Jan. 19, 1893; Christiania Theatre, Mar. 8, 1893.
- Lille Eyolf (Little Eyolf). Drama, 3 acts; prose. Written 1894. Published 1894. Produced Berlin, Deutsches Theater, Jan. 12, 1895; Christiania Theatre, Jan. 15, 1895.
- John Gabriel Borkman. Drama, 4 acts; prose. Written 1896. Published 1896. Produced Helsingfors, Swedish and Finnish Theatres, Jan. 10, 1897; Drammen, Norway, Jan. 19 1897; Christiania Theatre, Jan. 25, 1897.
- Naar vi dede vaagner (When We Dead Awaken). Dramatic epilogue, 3 acts; prose. Written 1899. Published 1899. Produced Stuttgart, Hoftheater, Jan. 26, 1900; Christiania, National Theatre, Feb. 6, 1900.
CRITICISM
Danish and Norwegian
- S. Høst, Ibsens diktning og Ibsen selv, Oslo, 1927;
- J. Faaland, Henrik Ibsen og antikken, Oslo, 1943;
- A. Duve, Symbolikken i Henrik Ibsens skuespill, Oslo, 1945;
- F. Bull, Henrik Ibsens Peer Gynt, Oslo, 1947, 1956;
- O. Mosfjeld, Henrik Ibsen og Skien, Oslo, 1949;
- Ibsenaarbok, ed. by D. Haakonsen, E. Høst, E. Østvedt, and J. Northam, Skien, Oslo, 1953 ff.;
- P. Fraenkl, Ibsens vei til drama, Oslo, 1955;
- A. Haaland, Seks studies i Ibsen, Oslo, 1965;
- D. Haakonsen, Henrik Ibsens realisme, Oslo, 1957;
- D. Haakonsen et. al., Contemporary Approaches to Ibsen, Oslo, vol. 1, 1966, vol. 2, 1971, vol. 3, 1977;
- E. Høst, Vildanden av Henrik Ibsen, Oslo, 1967;
- Omkring Peer Gynt, en antologi, ed. by O. Hageberg, Oslo, 1967;
- A. H. Lervik, Ibsens verskunst i Brand, Oslo, 1969;
- B. Hemmer, Keiser eller Galileer, Konfliktstrukturen i Henrik Ibsens diktning 1850-1873, Oslo, 1970; E. 0stvedt, Henrik Ibsen som student og blant studenter, Skien, 1971;
- B. Hemmer, Brand, Kongs-emnerne, Peer Gynt, Et studie i Ibsens romantiske diktning, Oslo, 1972;
- E. Østvedt, Hoyfjellet i Ibsens liv og diktning, Skien, 1972;
- E. Østvedt, Henrik Ibsens barndom og ungdom, Skien, 1973;
- A. Aarseth, Dyret i mennesket, et bidrag til tolkning av Henrik Ibsens Peer Gynt, Oslo, 1975;
- H. Midboe, Peer Gynt, teatret og tiden, vol. 1, 1975, vol. 2, 1976;
- J. Haugan, Henrik Ibsens metode, Oslo, 1977; A. Haaland, Ibsens verden, Oslo, 1978; E. Beyer, Henrik Ibsen, Oslo, 1978;
- En ny Ibsen? Ni Ibsen-artikler, ed. by H. Noreng, Oslo, 1979;
- D. Haakonsen, Henrik Ibsen-Mennesket og Kunsteren, Oslo, 1981.
English
- G. Brandes, Henrik Ibsen: A Critical Study, New York, 1899, 1964;
- J. Huneker, Iconoclasts: A Book of Dramatists, New York, 1905;
- J. B. Lee, The Ibsen Secret, New York, 1907, 1975;
- G. B. Shaw, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, New York, 1913, 1959;
- H. Weigand, The Modern Ibsen, New York, 1925, 1960;
- P. H. Eikeland, Ibsen Studies, New York, 1931, 1970;
- H. Koht, Life of Ibsen, New York, 1931, 1971;
- Ibsen: Four Essays, ed. by A. Flores, New York, 1937, 1978;
- T. Jorgenson, Henrik Ibsen: A Study in Art and Personality, Northfield, Minn., 1945, 1978;
- M. C. Bradbrook, Ibsen, the Norwegian, A Revaluation, London, 1948, rev. ed. Hamden, Conn., 1966;
- B. W. Downs, Ibsen, The Intellectual Background, New York, 1948, 1969;
- P. F. Tennant, Ibsen's Dramatic Technique, London, 1948, 1965;
- B. W. Downs, A Study of Six Plays by Ibsen, Cambridge, 1950, 1972;
- J. Lavrin, Ibsen: An Approach, London, 1950, 1969;
- B. Ibsen, The Three Ibsens, New York, 1952; J. Northam, Ibsen's Dramatic Method, London, 1953, Oslo, 1971;
- J. W. McFarlane, Ibsen and the Temper of Norwegian Literature, New York, 1960;
- F. W. Lucas, The Drama of Ibsen and Strindberg, New York, 1962;
- M. Valency, The Flower and the Castle, New York, 1963;
- G. W. Knight, Henrik Ibsen, New York, 1963;
- Ibsen: Letters and Speeches, ed. by E. Sprinchorn, New York, 1965;
- Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. by R. Fjelde, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1965;
- O. I. Holtan, Mythic Patterns in Ibsen's Last Plays, Minneapolis, 1970;
- Ibsen: A Critical Anthology, ed. by J. W. McFarlane, London, 1970;
- M. Meyer, Ibsen: A Biography, Garden City, N.Y., 1971;
- C. R. Lyons, Henrik Ibsen: The Divided Consciousness, Carbondale, Ill., 1972;
- H. G. Meyer, Henrik Ibsen, New York, 1972;
- M. Egan, Ibsen, The Critical Heritage, Boston, 1972;
- J. Northam, Ibsen: A Critical Study, Cambridge, 1973;
- B. Johnston, The Ibsen Cycle, Boston, 1975;
- H. Clurman, Ibsen, New York, 1977; E. Haugen, Ibsen's Drama: Author to Audience, Minneapolis, 1979;
- B. Johnston, To The Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Plays, Minneapolis, 1980;
- R. Hornby, Patterns of Ibsen's Middle Plays, Lewisburg, Pa., 1981.
French
- O. D. Lourie, La philosophic sociale dans le Theatre d'Ibsen, Paris, 1900;
- T. Lasius, Henrik Ibsen: Etude des premisses psychologiques et religieuses de son oeuvre, Paris, 1906;
- F. Boettcher, La femme dans le théâtre d'Ibsen, Paris, 1912; D. A. Reque, Trois auteurs dramatiques Scandinaves:
- Ibsen, Bjørnson, Strindberg devant la critique Francaise, 1889-1901, Paris, 1930;
- P. G. La Chesnais, Brand d'Ibsen: Etude et analyse, Paris, 1933;
- A. F. Lungé-Poë, Ibsen, Paris, 1936; M. Gravier, Ibsen, Paris, 1973.
German
- O. Brahm, Henrik Ibsen: Ein Essay, Berlin, 1887;
- L. Andreas-Salome, Henrik Ibsens Frauen-Gestalten nach semen sechs Familien-Dramen, Berlin, 1892;
- E. Steiger, Henrik Ibsen and die dramatische Gesellschaftskritik, Berlin, 1898;
- E. Reich, Henrik Ibsens Dramen, Berlin, 1902, 1928;
- W. Hans, Schicksal and Wille: Ein Versuch über Henrik Ibsens Weltanschauung, Munich, 1906;
- A. Aall, Henrik Ibsen als Dichter and Denker, Halle/Saale, 1906;
- J. Collins, Henrik Ibsen: Sein Werk-Seine Weltanschauung-Sein Leben, Heidelberg, 1910;
- A. Markowitz, Die Weltanschauung Henrik Ibsens, Leipzig, 1913;
- M. Jacobs, Ibsens Buhnentechnik, Dresden, 1920; R. Woerner, Henrik Ibsen, 2 vols., 3d ed. Munich, 1923;
- F. Schnass, Henrik Ibsen: Sein Wesen and Werk, Denken and Dichten, Langensalza, 1925;
- G. Wethly, Henrik Ibsens Werk and Weltanschauung, Strassburg, 1934;
- L. Binswanger, Henrik Ibsen and das Problem der Selbstrealisation in der Kunst, Heidelberg, 1949;
- C. Stuyver, Ibsens dramatische Gestalten, Amsterdam, 1952;
- D. E. R. George, Henrik Ibsen in Deutschland, Göttingen, 1968;
- F. Paul, Symbol and Mythos: Studien zum Spdtwerk Henrik Ibsens, Munich, 1969;
- R. K. Nitschke, Studien zur retrospektiven Technik bei Henrik Ibsen, Posnau, 1971;
- J. Wihan, Henrik Ibsen und das deutsche Geistesleben, Hildesheim, 1973;
- A. Biornstad-Herzog, Henrik Ibsens Bühnenkunst, Zurich, 1974;
- W. Friese, Ibsen auf der deutschen Bühne, Tübingen, 1976.
Italian
- A. Farinelli, La tragedia di Ibsen, Bologna, 1923;
- A. Foschini, Il teatro di Ibsen, Naples, 1936; M. Apollonio, Ibsen, Brescia, 1944;
- M. Campo, Henrik Ibsen: Sull'arte a sulla vita spirituale, Brescia, 1946;
- R. Jacobbi, Ibsen, Milan, 1972.
Spanish
- J. P. Rivas, Ibsen y sus obras, Madrid, 1916;
- S. Albert, El tesoro dramatico de Henrik Ibsen, Barcelona, 1920;
- O. Machado de Benevenuto, Ibsen, Montevideo, 1946;
- A. Sarobe, Las mujeres en el teatro de Ibsen, Buenos Aires, 1960;
- A. Arias, Ibsen, vida y obra, Montevideo, 1961.
Swedish
- E. Kihlman, Ur Ibsen-dramatikens idéhistoria, Helsinki, 1921;
- G. Rydell, Henrik Ibsen, Stockholm, 1932;
- O. Olsson, Ibsens Dramer, Stockholm, 1937;
- H. Brenel, Etiska motiv i Henrik Ibsens dramatiska diktning, Stockholm, 1941;
- G. Ollen, Ibsens dramatik, Stockholm, 1955;
- A. Ahlberg, Henrik Ibsen, Stockholm, 1964.